Yesterday wasn’t the first time I’d stopped at the Park ‘n’ Ride off Route 93 in Penacook, NH to cross the old railroad trestle onto the island where an all-but-forgotten monument to Hannah Dustin stands. But given that I’d never taken photographs of said monument–and given the fact that I’d driven to nearby Concord, NH to meet with a student who’s doing a senior capstone project on captivity narratives by Asian American descendents of Korean comfort women–it made sense to pay a second visit to old stone Hannah.
In a previous lifetime, I wrote a paper about American Indian captivity narratives: stories written by white settlers who had been taken hostage during Indian raids, were later redeemed from captivity, and subsequently told their stories of capture and redemption. Hannah Dustin, however, never wrote a captivity narrative, which is a shame since her story is so vivid.
According to historical accounts, Dustin and her neighbor Mary Neff were taken captive by Abenaki Indians during a 1697 raid on Haverill, MA. Dustin had recently given birth, and during the forced march from Haverill, her Abenaki captors killed her infant by smashing its skull against a tree. After her forced removal from Haverill to an island in the Merrimack River near what is now Penacook, NH, Dustin conspired with Neff and Samuel Lennardson, a white teenager who was also being held hostage, to kill their captors. Lennardson nonchalantly asked one of his captors to show him how he would kill and scalp a man, then Dustin applied this knowledge after the Abenaki family they were traveling with had fallen asleep.
It is here that Dustin’s story gets complicated. Popular versions of Dustin’s story–such as the text on the highway marker on the road to Penacook, NH–simply say that Dustin, a victim of an Indian raid, killed ten Indians before escaping to freedom: a clear act of self-defense. Of the ten Indians that Dustin and her compatriots killed, however, only two were grown men: also killed were two women and six children.
If Dustin and her fellows were acting only in self-defense, why was it necessary to kill children? Presumably, the captives didn’t want survivors to flee and fetch other Abenakis; as chance would have it, one badly injured woman and an Abenaki child did indeed escape to tell the tale. But if Dustin and her fellow captives were motivated purely by self-preservation, why did Dustin stop after they’d begun their escape down the Merrimack River, return to the Abenakis they’d killed, and scalp their dead bodies?
The larger-than-life statue of Hannah Dustin in Penacook, NH shows her carrying an axe in one hand and a cluster of scalps in the other. Presumably, Dustin returned to scalp her captors as “proof” of her and her co-captives’ story…but why? What did Dustin want to prove, and to whom? Did she think her husband and neighbors in Haverill, MA wouldn’t believe that she, a woman, had escaped from captivity by her own hands? Did she feel a need to prove where she, a woman, had been during the several weeks she’d been away from her family? Or did Hannah Dustin, a woman who had seen her newborn infant murdered at the hands of people she considered “savages,” feel a need to show bloody proof of the horrors of guerilla warfare? Revenge is a dish best served cold and bloody, and Hannah Dustin’s “bouquet” of Indian scalps shows just how brutal an otherwise mild-mannered mother of twelve can be when things turn ugly.
As a woman, I can’t say I blame Hannah Dustin for taking vengeance into her own hands, but as a human being I’m still troubled by those bloody scalps. Yesterday as I walked under partly cloudy skies from the Park ‘n’ Ride to the isolated spot where Dustin’s monument stands, I was mindful of the headline on the newspaper I’d picked up from my porch before leaving Keene: “Woman victim of sex attack.” If it’s no longer safe for women to walk the night-time streets of Small Town, NH without protective male escort, what was I doing walking in an isolated spot along the side of the road to Penacook, NH without a dog, bodyguard, or axe of my own?
Had some savage leapt from the bushes intending to do me harm as I walked under partly cloudy skies yesterday, would you have blamed me for defending myself by any means available? At the same time, having vanquished and even killed my attacker, would you raise an eyebrow had I gone one step further, returning to that attacker to glean trophies as “proof” from his subjugated body?
I don’t know if Hannah Dustin was a “hero” as her historical marker proclaims…but she’s definitely a survivor, and I suppose that deserves its own kind of commemoration. It’s a cold, cruel, and bloody world out there, and sometimes only the ugliest bouquet, clutched to one’s breast like a handbag, can serve as proof to that sad, inevitable fact.
Click here for more photos of New Hampshire’s Hannah Dustin monument.
May 15, 2007 at 6:56 pm
> …what was I doing walking in an isolated spot along the side of the road…
You have every right to walk wherever you want but it’s still a valid question. Because it’s a violent world I recommend all women, particularly those that would be out on their own, carry a gun. NH makes this much easier than if you lived here in California where a carry permit is almost impossible to get for us lowly citizens.
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May 15, 2007 at 7:38 pm
Might she have taken the scalps for a bounty? Financial reward would be a reason to go back.
I read your essay about captivity stories some time ago. It’s very interesting, and it got me reading captivity accounts from the Southern Appalachians. Thanks for expanding my horizons.
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May 15, 2007 at 7:48 pm
Dustin did indeed end up collecting a bounty…but it’s not clear that she knew about and/or was motivated by the bounty at the time of the killings. Instead, early accounts say she went back and took the scalps as proof, whatever that means.
Rusty, I support the right to bear arms, but I’m basically lazy. Carrying a camera is about as bogged-down as I want to get: I can’t imagine toting a gun, too. But I support the right of those who do choose to protect themselves in that way as long as they’re responsible gun-owners.
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May 16, 2007 at 8:54 am
What a beautiful essay: absorption (awareness) of negativity/violence neutralized by art and compassion for all involved.
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May 18, 2007 at 12:26 pm
If someone murdered my child, and I had them in my power, I suspect I’d do things more ghastly than scalping them after their deaths. Some of the ghastly things would happen before their deaths (I’d get medieval on their asses). Certainly, it would not make me a hero, but I’d never turn down a medal for it, or a statue. People who slaughter children are not worthy of any respect, consideration, or freedom from horrible retribution. If people can’t find another way to express themselves, let ’em take it up with any deity they may meet after death.
In short, I find no fault with the scalping in this tale.
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May 18, 2007 at 6:32 pm
Fascinating. It’s always difficult to get inside the heads of pre-modern people. For the Indians, scalping represented a form of soul capture. The scalps were thought to possess strong power that could be used for good or ill. Who’s to say that Hannah didn’t have similar beliefs? Perhaps she thought that this would help protect her from future attacks. I’m not saying rage wasn’t a main motive, just that there might have been other things going into it.
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May 18, 2007 at 11:20 pm
What a story! I wonder how other women of that time, having seen their baby killed in such a manner, would have reacted… what percentage would do the same?
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Sep 14, 2007 at 8:19 am
I think whoever wrote this is mean. I am a direct decedent from Hannah Dustin. I think she did a great thing. They killed her child. If I were her I would have killed the indians to.
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Sep 14, 2007 at 9:18 am
Mean? As I noted in the post itself, I can completely understand where Dustin might have been coming from, but I’m still troubled by what she did. I wonder if she, too, was troubled, later, by what had happened: historical accounts don’t record the emotional aftermath of the attack.
If saying that Hannah Dustin’s story is troubling, with no clear “moral” about what constitutes “heroic” behavior, then yes, I’m mean. I’m sorry you took offense by my suggestion that a roadside marker makes a complex story too simple. War is hell, and people in times of war do hellish things. I think that fact is the “meanest” thing of all.
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Feb 20, 2008 at 4:40 pm
One other point I would like to make is that the British invented scalping and first used it in their conquest of Northern Ireland.
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Feb 20, 2008 at 4:43 pm
Hannah is my 8th great-grandma but I also have American Indian ancestry. Hannah’s husband was quit violent. Hannah’s sister possibly murdered her new born infants. In turn Hannah’s sister was executed by Cotton Mothers and Hannah herself was kidnapped by Akenabi.
Not surprisingly I can empathize somewhat with all parties concerned. I believe Hannah needed proof that she killed the Akenabi so she could collect her bounty.
Killing the children was very wrong in my opinion. I am surprised by a previous comment that basically says it was ok for Hannah to murder 6 children because one of her 12 children was murdered. This on the grounds that child killers deserve no sympathy… HUH?
Now Hannah was living on recently stolen land as were all Europeans on this continent. The Akenabi were protesting that. But it was the rich upper class that encouraged the poor working class to go live on the frontier as a buffer against the Indians.
Hannah’s family was kicked out of town and forced to live on the fringes and that surly contributed to them getting attacked.
These were violent times and racism was even more overt back then. Everyone in the story acted as would be expected to act in historical context of the time.
I would like to see Hannah’s monuments changed to reflect a less Eurocentric view of the events!
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Feb 16, 2010 at 11:01 am
“I would like to see Hannah’s monuments changed to reflect a less Eurocentric view of the events!”
Sigh….The histories of European settlers and their immediate descendants in America are by their very natures, Eurocentric. It’s good to know the stories of all peoples of course, but the record of experiences of 18th century settlers isn’t “invalid” because they didn’t mention feelings from the “other side”. Must everything be PC? Must we erect monuments or plaques to everybody?
Native Americans were killing each other before the settlers came. Black Africans enslaved their darker skinned brethren before Europeans embraced slavery. All groups have stories, but no group is exempt from behaving badly to their fellow humans. The Dustin monument encapsulates a particular view yes, but again, a valid one. Whatever their faults, modern America was built largely in the beginning by white Europeans. We’ve learned much – but have no right to condemn people from centuries ago based on the enlightened views that we have NOW. We know that certain things that they did were “wrong”, but we didn’t walk in their shoes. And though “advanced”, we still share with them all the good and bad things involved in being human.
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Mar 27, 2010 at 3:57 am
im related whut now no but for 1st women to have statue built in honor of them in the us. its messed up ppl dont read in social studdies or sumthing.
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Apr 7, 2010 at 5:50 pm
hannah dustin is one of my great grandmothers always heard the story growing up but not the full one it is awesome
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Jan 5, 2011 at 2:54 pm
This is my cousin!! I am so proud of her!
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Feb 13, 2011 at 2:14 pm
As a Native American woman working actively to get this statue removed,I am shocked by your article! You are clearly intelligent and that it what makes the fact that you would pander to racist stereotypes (really, the word choice “savage”?) and completely miss the narratives of the DEAD CHILDREN THAT SHE BUTCHERED makes my blood run cold! Yet another example of the non-Native world just not getting it! To make it clear for you-She took the scalps for PAY, the Crown PAID pounds of sterling for Native scalps at that time, the “pioneers” were HUNTING US! We were DEFENDING ourselves! How did you miss THAT? Shame on you and all you mindless colonially occupied sheep who commented to praise her!
I could speak kindly and seek to endlessly educate you but I am so tired of all of that! You claim to me smart, so THINK about it and do your research! The fact the as a nation, we STILL honor her shows how complete the genocide has been!
What about the rights of the SLEEPING NATIVE WOMEN AND CHILDREN TO BE PROTECTED FROM “SAVAGES” LIKE HANNAH DUSTIN?
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Apr 26, 2012 at 8:36 am
I too am a direct descendent of Hannah and know she took the scalps for bounty. I was shocked that she killed women and children, but she couldn’t leave anyone to go get another tribe to come after her. The Indians came and slaughtered her newborn child in front of her and took her as a slave. Did you miss that point Gypsy Murphy??? Nothing was gained by the entire situation, but the fact that she was able to escape being the slave to the Indians is a great credit to her name and to women. It’s ok for the Indians to kill and take slaves, but it is not okay for those same people to try to escape? She was defending herself, her family, and the newborn child the Indians so callously murdered.
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